Learnings of the Week [ August 25-29, 2008 ]

In this week, we tackled about the C Language, Flowcharting and Algorithm, and the Basic Control Structures.

I learned that,

The SPL (System Programming Language) is the general purpose language.

In the year 1970, the B Language was developed.

Ken Thompson is the one who developed the B Language.

The technical committee created under the C Language is the X3J11 committee which was created in the year 1983.

There are 32 keywords the C Language has. 27 came from Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie and 5 added by the ANSI Standardization Committee.

The famous book written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie is The C Programming Language.

The BCPL (Basic Command Programming Language) was developed by Martin Richards.

Five Features of the C Language:

A simple core language, such as math functions or file handling provided by a standard set of library routines.

Focus on procedural programming paradigm which facilitates for programming in a structured style.

Parameters are always passed by value, never by reference.

C encourages the creation of libraries user-defined functions.

C is flexible when it allows unrestricted conversion of data from one type to another, such as conversion of a character to its numeric equivalent.

Uses of C Language:

¡ Operating system

¡ Language compilers

¡ Assemblers

¡ Text editors

¡ Print spoolers

¡ Network devices

¡ Modern programs

¡ Databases

¡ Language Interpreters

¡ Utilities

Flowcharting and Algorithms

Flowcharting is the use of symbols and phrases to designate the logic of how a problem is solved. It is a common method for defining the logical steps of flow within a program by using a series of symbols to identify the basic input, process and output function within a program. It is a two-dimensional representation of an algorithm; the predefined graphic symbols of a flowchart are used to indicate the various operations and the flow of control. It is a diagram representing the logical sequence in which a combination of steps is to be performed. It is a blueprint of the program.

Algorithm is a finite set of instructions that specify a sequence of operations to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem or class of problems.

The Basic Control Structures are:

Sequence

Selection (if-then-else)

Repetition (Looping)

Sequence is a process executed from one to another in a straightforward manner. Here is the diagram of sequence.

In Selection (if – then – else), a choice is provided between alternatives.

Repetition (Looping)

This structure provides for the repetitive execution of an operation or routine while the condition is true. The condition is evaluated before executing any process statement. As long as the condition is true, the process is executed, otherwise, control flows out of the structure.

COMMONLY USED OPERATORS IN FLOWCHARTIING

Arithmetic Operators

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

Relational Operators

= Equal

> Greater than

< Less than

<> Not equal

> Greater than or equal to

< Less than or equal to

Logical Operators

&& AND

|| OR

! NOT

Posted by:

RAE ANGELINE S. PALEN

^^Learnings of the Week

Submitted by:
Joyce Niko D. Perez
IV- RIZAL

Flowcharting - Use of symbols and phrases to designate the logic of how a problem is solved.

Algorithm - Algorithm is a finite set of instructions that specify a sequence of operations to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem or class of problems.

Basic Symbols Used in Flowcharting

Terminal

l Used to signify the beginning and end of flowchart.

Preparation/Initialization

l Signifies the preparation of data.

l Used to select initial conditions.

l Used to represent instructions or groups of instructions that will alter or modify a program’s course of execution.

Input/output

l Shows input and output. Data are to be read into the computer memory from an input device or data are to be passed from the memory to an output device.

Processing

• · Performs any calculations that are to be done.

Decision

l Signifies any decisions that are to be done

On-page connector

l Shows the entry or exit point of the flowchart.

l A non-processing symbol used to connect one part of a flowchart to another without drawing flow lines.

l Conserves space by keeping related blocks near one another, reduces the number of flow lines in complex programs, and eliminates cross lines from taking place.

Off-page connector

l Designates entry to or exit from one page when a flowchart requires more than one page.

Flow lines

l Signifies the process that is to be executed next.

Submitted by:
Joyce Niko D. Perez
IV- RIZAL

LEARNINGS OF THE WEEK

This week, we had our cooking activity. It was very successful, as a matter of fact, it was my first successful cooking activity ever!!!!

We learned a lot. I learned from by groupmates how to cook like a scout...(lol!!)

It's fun because we work together as a team..hahahaa...

We had a difficulty in retrieving our materials. Maybe, we just misplaced it somewhere else..

I learned the proper way of slicing veggies and meet. I also learned the proper way of cooking.(like which must be sauted first)...

It's great!!!I enjoyed the activity....

^^Learnings of the Week

Submitted by:
Joyce Niko D. Perez
IV- RIZAL

Overview of the C Language

History the C Language

¡ B was developed in the year 1970 by Ken Thompson. The said language is a successor of Basic Command Programming Language (BCPL), which was developed by Martin Richards.

¡ C was originally developed under UNIX environment running in DEC PDP-11.

¡ C stands for Combined Programming Language and sometimes called System Programming Language (SPL).

¡ C is often called a middle-level language. C as a middle-level language means that it combines elements of high-level language with the functionalism of assembly language. It allows manipulation of bits, bytes, and addresses the basic elements with which the computer functions.

¡ They should be written in lower case since C is sensitive to those words. They have only 32 keywords (27 from Kernighan and Ritchie standard and 5 added by the ANSI Standardization Committee.

¡ C was initially used for system development work, in particular the programs that make up the operating system.

¡ C is used mainly because it produces codes that run as fast as codes written in assembly language.

Some uses of C Language are: Operating system, Language compilers, Assemblers, Text editors, Print spoolers, Network devices, Modern programs, Databases, Language Interpreters, Utilities.

The Features of C Language are: A simple core language, such as math functions or file handling provided by a standard set of library routines, focus on procedural programming paradigm which facilitates for programming in a structured style, parameters are always passed by value, never by reference, C encourages the creation of libraries user-defined function, C is flexible when it allows unrestricted conversion of data from one type to another, such as conversion of a character to its numeric equivalent.

Learnings of the Week

In this week, we tackled about the Units of Measure.

This table shows the abbreviation and the size of a specific term.

TERM	ABBREVIATION	SIZE
Kilobyte	KB or K	1,024 bytes
Megabyte	MB or M	1,048,576 bytes
Gigabyte	GB or G	1,073,741,824 bytes
Terabyte	TB or T	1,099,511,627,776 bytes

In Data Encoding, the following steps should be followed:

1. User presses the letter A key
2. The letter A is transformed into its binary equivalent, 10000001, and fed to the processor.
3. The processor stores this into its memory temporarily.
4. 1000001 is sent to the monitor, which displays the alphanumeric equivalent A.

Binary digits represent the “on” and “off” states in a digital computer.

1 = ON 0 = OFF

In Optical Storage Devices, data is stored as a series of lands and pits.

In Magnetic Storage Devices, data is stored as a set of magnetic charges.

In Fiber Optic Cables, data is represented as laser beams.

In RAM, data is represented as electrical charges.

CHARACTERS

Alphanumeric Characters – composed of letters (alphabetic characters) and numbers (numeric characters).

Special Characters – include all other characters on your keyboard other than alphabetic and numeric characters.

Encoding System – have been developed in order to translate alphanumeric and special characters into bits.

COMMON ENCODING SYSTEMS

ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange, it has a binary equivalents for 128 characters, it uses 7 bits to represent a single character.

ANSI – American National Standards Institute, it has an extra of 128 characters were it is added to ASCII.

UNICODE – Uniform Code, it represents 65,536 characters, punctuations and symbols used by all languages in the world, it uses 16 bits to represent a single character.

This table shows the Hexadecimal Table:

HEX	BINARY
0	0
1	1
2	10
3	11
4	100
5	101
6	110
7	111
8	1000
9	1001
A	1010
B	1011
C	1100
D	1101
E	1110
F	1111

Posted By: RAE ANGELINE S. PALEN

Submitted by:
Joyce Niko D. Perez
IV- RIZAL

Learnings of the Week

Last week, we learned the different units of measure used in digital computing.

TERM	ABBREVIATION	SIZE
Kilobyte	KB or K	1,024 bytes
Megabyte	MB or M	1,048,576 bytes
Gigabyte	GB or G	1,073,741,824 bytes
Terabyte	TB or T	1,099,511,627,776 bytes

In data encoding,

1.User presses the letter A key

2.The letter A is transformed into its binary equivalent, 10000001, and fed to the processor.

3.The processor stores this into its memory temporarily.

4.1000001 is sent to the monitor, which displays the alphanumeric equivalent A.

Binary digits represent the “on” and “off” states in a digital computer.

1 = ON 0 = OFF

OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES = data are stored as a series of lands and pits

MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES = data are stored as a set of magnetic charges

FIBER OPTIC CABLES = data is represented as laser beams

RAM = data is represented as electrical charges

ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS – composed of letters (alphabetic characters) and numbers (numeric characters)

SPECIAL CHARACTERS – include all other characters on your keyboard other than alphabetic and numeric characters

ENCODING SYSTEM – have been developed in order to translate alphanumeric and special characters into bits

ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- has a binary equivalents for 128 characters

- uses 7 bits to represent a single character

ANSI – American National Standards Institute

- an extra 128 characters were added to ASCII

UNICODE – Uniform Code

- represent 65,536 characters, punctuations and symbols used by all languages in the world

- uses 16 bits to represent a single character


ASCII TABLE

SYMBOL	DECIMAL	BINARY
A	65	1000001
B	66	1000010
C	67	1000011
D	68	1000100
E	69	1000101
F	70	1000110
G	71	1000111
H	72	1001000
I	73	1001001
J	74	1001010
K	75	1001011
L	76	1001100
M	77	1001101

SYMBOL	DECIMAL	BINARY
N	78	1001110
O	79	1001111
P	80	1010000
Q	81	1010001
R	82	1010010
S	83	1010011
T	84	1010100
U	85	1010101
V	86	1010110
W	87	1010111
X	88	1011000
Y	89	1011001
Z	90	1011010

SYMBOL	DECIMAL	BINARY
a	97	1100001
b	98	1100010
c	99	1100011
d	100	1100100
e	101	1100101
f	102	1100110
g	103	1100111
h	104	1101000
i	105	1101001
j	106	1101010
k	107	1101011
l	108	1101100
m	109	1101101

SYMBOL	DECIMAL	BINARY
n	110	1101110
o	111	1101111
p	112	1110000
q	113	1110001
r	114	1110010
s	115	1110011
t	116	1110100
u	117	1110101
v	118	1110110
w	119	1110111
x	120	1111000
y	121	1111001
z	122	1111010